Once the body makes its way to the site...

| | Pneumococcus is a type of streptococcus, which is a major human pathogens. She was recognized as a major cause of pneumonia in 1880 and is the subject of many studies of humoral immunity. The body was originally called dyplokokk pneumonia in 1926, because its characteristic appearance in Gram-stained sputum. It was renamed pneumoniae in 1974 because of its growth in chains in liquid media. Due to its role as the etiological agent of pneumonia, has long been informally name was the as pneumococcus. Despite the name, in the body causing many kinds of infections, but pneumonia, including acute sinusitis, otitis media, meningitis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, endocarditis, peritonitis, pericarditis, cellulitis and abscess of the brain. S. pneumonia is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in adults and is one of the top two isolates found in otitis media. Pneumococcal pneumonia is more common in very young and very strattera 10mg old. Summary

S. pneumonia is usually found in the nasopharynx 5-10% of healthy adults and 20-40% of healthy children. He joins the nasopharyngeal cells through interaction of bacterial adhezyny surface epithelial cells. This normal colonization can become infection if the organisms carried out in areas such as the Eustachian tube or nasal sinuses where their design is complicated (as it would be if an allergy or infection is present). Pneumonia occurs when the organisms are inhaled into the lungs and is not cleared (again, viral infections, smoking or caused tsylyarnoy paralysis may be factors). Once the body makes its way to the site where it usually is not found, it activates the complement protein group, stimulates the production of cytokines and attract white blood cells (including polymorphonuclear neutrophils). Polysaharydnoy capsule body makes it resistant to phagocytosis, and if no existing anticapsular antibody, alveolar macrophages can not adequately kill the pneumococci. The body covered in blood and transferred into the meninges, joint cracks, bones and abdomen, and can lead to meningitis, brain abscess, septic arthritis or osteomyelitis. The risk of pneumococcal infection is greatly increased in individuals with violations of the synthesis of IgG, a violation of phagocytosis or defective clearance of pneumococci. In particular, the absence of a functional spleen, through innate aspleniya, splenectomy or sickle cell disease predisposes to more severe course of infection. In the 19th century, it was shown that immunization of rabbits killed pneumococci protected them from subsequent challenges with viable pneumococci. Serum from immunized rabbits or from people who have recovered from pneumococcal pneumonia also conferred protection. In the 20th century, the effectiveness of vaccination has been demonstrated in South African miners. It was found that pneumococcus capsule made it resistant to phagocytosis, and in the 1920s, it was shown that antibodies specific for capsular polysaccharide helps kill S. pneumonia. In 1936 penumococcal polysaharydnoy vaccine capsule has been used to abort the epidemic pneumococcal pneumonia. In 1940, experiments on transformation of capsular pneuococci first identified DNA as the material that carries genetic information. In 1900 it was recognized that different serotypes of pneumococci exist, and that immunization of this serotype does not protect against infection of other serotypes. Since then more than ninety serotypes were discovered, each with a unique polysaccharide capsule. Because some of these serotypes are often the cause of the disease, possibly to provide reliable protection by immunization with less than 90 serotypes, with the current vaccine contains 23 serotypes (ie, a "23-valence"). Serotypes are numbered according to two systems: the American system that has them in the order in which they were found, and the Danish system, which groups them by antigenic similarity. Treatment is usually with? -Lactam antibiotics. In 1960, almost all strains of S. pneumonia were susceptible to penicillin, but since then, there was an increased prevalence of resistance, especially in areas of high use of antibiotics. Various shares of penicillin-resistant strains may be resistant to erythromycin, macrolides, and clindamycin and fluoroquinolones. Most remain susceptible to vancomycin, which is less desirable antibiotic because the question dosing and penetration into tissue. Susceptibility testing routine, with empiric antibiotic treatment, guided by resistance in the community in which the body was purchased in anticipation of the results. Pneumococcal vaccine (Pneumovax ™ is one brand) gives at least 85% protection to persons under 55 years, for five years or longer. Immunization is available to those at greatest risk of infection, including 65 years and older, and generally should be single dose of life (high risk of side effects in repetition). Standard 23-valent vaccine is not effective for children under two years old, 13-valent conjugate vaccine is effective for them and should be reinforced with a standard 23-valent vaccine after the age of 2 years. It should also be introduced to splenectomy. Current guidelines call for American College of Physicians Immunization administration under the age of 2 to 65 years if there are indications, or in 65 years. If someone has received immunization at the age of 60 years, the guidelines call for one-time revaccination. Revaccination intervals show also for those with other conditions such as aspleniya or nephrotic syndrome. The product offers a license every 5-10 years, and immunity testing in general be useless clinically Revaccination every six years received land, aim for 5 annual risk of more side effects if vaccination is carried out prematurely because of miscalculated interval. Posted by Staff May 13, 2005 6:21

Author: Jesse Hall on December 2, 2005 2:25